If you’re limited on space but want an effective workout, I recommend looking into compact, foldable ellipticals like the Sunny Health & Fitness 2-in-1 or the Pooboo models. These machines offer adjustable resistance, low-impact movement, and stability, all fitting in small areas. Many are quiet and easy to store afterward. To find the best fit for your needs, keep an eye on size, features, and stability—there’s more than meets the eye in this list.
Key Takeaways
- Compact elliptical models under 50 inches in length and width optimize small space use.
- Foldable and retractable pedal designs allow easy storage and space-saving setup.
- Built-in transport wheels enable effortless movement and repositioning in tight areas.
- Resistance systems and adjustable features provide versatile workouts without requiring extra space.
- High stability, quiet magnetic operation, and durable frames ensure safe, low-noise exercise in limited areas.
Sunny Health & Fitness 2-in-1 Elliptical and Exercise Machine
If you’re looking for an efficient cardio option that fits into a small space, the Sunny Health & Fitness 2-in-1 Elliptical is an excellent choice. It offers a full-body workout by engaging both arms and legs, with a bidirectional 11-inch stride for smooth, efficient motion. You can connect it via Bluetooth to the SunnyFit App for real-time performance metrics or use the digital monitor to track calories, distance, speed, and more. With 8 adjustable magnetic resistance levels, you can customize your intensity. Its compact design makes it perfect for small spaces while providing versatile and effective cardio training.
Best For: individuals seeking a space-efficient, full-body cardio machine with customizable resistance and digital performance tracking.
Pros:
- Compact design ideal for small spaces
- Full-body workout with arm and leg engagement
- Bluetooth connectivity and virtual content options for enhanced motivation
Cons:
- May have limited features compared to larger, more advanced ellipticals
- Resistance levels are mechanical and may not provide as smooth a feel as higher-end models
- Digital monitor displays basic metrics without advanced workout analytics
Sunny Health & Fitness Smart Air Walk Elliptical with Bluetooth and Adjustable Resistance
The Sunny Health & Fitness Smart Air Walk Elliptical stands out as an ideal choice for those with limited space who still want a full-body workout. Its foldable, compact design measures just 30 inches in stride, making storage effortless. This elliptical offers low-impact exercise that engages your arms, legs, and core, mimicking natural walking and skiing motions through its Air Glider. With adjustable resistance, you can customize your workout intensity. The LCD monitor tracks your progress, and Bluetooth connectivity accesses trainer videos and social features. Plus, a built-in holder keeps your devices within reach, ensuring a seamless, engaging workout in even the smallest spaces.
Best For: individuals with limited space seeking a full-body, low-impact cardio workout that can be customized and integrated with digital fitness content.
Pros:
- Foldable and compact design for easy storage in small spaces
- Engages multiple muscle groups with natural walking and skiing motions
- Bluetooth connectivity and device holder enhance interactive and entertainment options
Cons:
- Stride length of 30 inches may not suit taller users comfortably
- Limited resistance levels might not satisfy advanced users seeking high-intensity training
- As a foldable elliptical, stability during vigorous workouts could be less optimal
Dripex Elliptical Exercise Machine
Living in a small space doesn’t mean giving up on your fitness goals, and the Dripex Elliptical Exercise Machine proves it. This compact, magnetic elliptical offers a smooth, quiet workout with just 20dB noise, making it perfect for home use. It features 8 resistance levels, a 6kg flywheel, and an LCD monitor that tracks your progress in real-time. The sturdy alloy steel frame supports up to 265 lbs, with adjustable pedals for comfort. Its space-saving design includes transportation wheels, so you can easily move or store it. Easy to assemble and built for durability, the Dripex elliptical helps you stay active without sacrificing your limited space.
Best For: individuals with limited space seeking a quiet, versatile elliptical trainer for full-body workouts at home.
Pros:
- Ultra-quiet magnetic drive system operating at just 20dB, ideal for home environments.
- Compact, space-saving design with transportation wheels for easy movement and storage.
- Adjustable resistance levels and ergonomic pedals for a customizable and comfortable workout experience.
Cons:
- Stride length of 14 inches may be less suitable for taller users seeking a full-range motion.
- Max user weight limit of 265 lbs might not accommodate heavier users.
- Assembly can take approximately 30-35 minutes, which may be time-consuming for some users.
Niceday Elliptical Machine with 15.5-20 Inch Stride and 16 Resistance Levels
Ideal for those with limited space, the Niceday Elliptical Machine combines compact design with versatile features. Its dimensions of just 39 x 21 x 60 inches make it perfect for small rooms, while supporting users up to 400 pounds with a sturdy steel frame. The adjustable stride length of 15.5 to 20 inches suits taller users up to six feet, promoting natural movement and reducing knee stress. With 16 resistance levels and a quiet magnetic drive system, it offers smooth, customizable workouts. Easy to move thanks to transport wheels, this elliptical provides durability, effective performance, and the convenience of a space-efficient design.
Best For: individuals seeking a space-saving, durable elliptical machine capable of supporting a wide range of body types and fitness levels, especially those with limited room at home.
Pros:
- Compact design with dimensions of just 39 x 21 x 60 inches, ideal for small spaces
- Supports users up to 400 lbs with a sturdy steel frame and commercial-grade build
- Features 16 resistance levels and a quiet magnetic drive for smooth, customizable workouts
Cons:
- Device holder placement may cover the monitor, affecting visibility during workouts
- Some electronic features and metrics may occasionally function inconsistently or inaccurately
- Heart rate readings from built-in sensors can be less reliable compared to smartwatches
YOSUDA Elliptical Exercise Machine (3-in-1)
If you’re looking for a versatile, space-saving workout machine that can handle multiple exercise routines, the YOSUDA Elliptical Exercise Machine (3-in-1) is a smart choice. It combines elliptical, cardio climber, and stair stepper functions, making it perfect for varied workouts in small spaces. With a 15.5-inch stride, 16 resistance levels, and a 45° incline, it challenges different muscle groups. Its compact dimensions (38 x 21 x 62 inches) and front rollers make it easy to move and store. Built with a sturdy frame and quiet magnetic resistance, it supports up to 300 lbs and provides smooth, low-impact exercise suitable for all fitness levels.
Best For: individuals seeking a versatile, space-efficient home workout machine that combines multiple exercise functions and supports various fitness levels.
Pros:
- Combines elliptical, cardio climber, and stair stepper for varied workouts
- Compact design with easy mobility thanks to front rollers
- Quiet magnetic resistance ensures low-impact, smooth exercise sessions
Cons:
- Assembly may be challenging for some users
- Pulse sensor accuracy can vary slightly
- Limited advanced features found in high-end gym equipment
Dripex Magnetic Elliptical Exercise Machine for Home
The Dripex Magnetic Elliptical Exercise Machine stands out as a perfect choice for those with limited space who still want an effective, low-impact workout. Its compact size (39.4” L x 20.9” W x 63.8” H) fits easily in small rooms or corners, and transport wheels make it simple to move when needed. With a magnetic drive system and 8 resistance levels, it offers smooth, quiet operation at just 20dB, ideal for shared spaces. The sturdy steel frame supports up to 265 lbs, and features like large non-slip foot pedals, pulse sensors, and a 3.5-inch LCD monitor enhance your workout experience. Overall, it’s a versatile, space-saving option for home fitness.
Best For: individuals with limited space seeking a quiet, low-impact elliptical for home use, including seniors and casual exercisers.
Pros:
- Compact size and transport wheels for easy movement and storage.
- Quiet operation at 20dB, suitable for shared living environments.
- Sturdy steel frame supporting up to 265 lbs with customizable resistance levels.
Cons:
- Some users report threading quality issues with nuts and bolts.
- Potential squeaking noises after extended use.
- The elliptical mechanism may feel jerky compared to higher-end gym models.
CURSOR FITNESS Elliptical Machine for Home
For anyone limited on space but still wanting an effective cardio option at home, the CURSOR FITNESS ET30 elliptical machine stands out. Its compact size of 44 x 19.29 x 49.6 inches fits easily into small spaces without sacrificing performance. The machine features a silent magnetic drive system, making it perfect for early mornings or late nights. With 8 resistance levels and a 12-inch stride, it offers customizable, low-impact workouts that are gentle on joints. The sturdy iron build supports up to 330 pounds, and anti-slip pedals ensure stability. An LCD monitor tracks your progress, making it a versatile, space-efficient choice for full-body fitness at home.
Best For: individuals with limited space seeking a quiet, low-impact, full-body cardio workout at home.
Pros:
- Compact size fits easily into small spaces without sacrificing performance
- Silent magnetic drive system ensures quiet operation for early morning or late-night workouts
- Adjustable resistance and 12-inch stride provide customized, joint-friendly exercise options
Cons:
- Limited to 8 resistance levels, which may not satisfy advanced users seeking higher intensity
- Weighs 62.4 pounds, potentially challenging to move or store for some users
- No built-in workout programs or Bluetooth connectivity for advanced tracking or entertainment
THERUN Elliptical Machine for Home
The THERUN elliptical machine stands out as an ideal option for anyone needing effective home workouts without sacrificing space. Its compact, stylish design made from alloy steel supports up to 265 lbs and fits easily into small areas. It features a 14-inch stride, a 6kg flywheel, and a quiet magnetic resistance system with 8 adjustable levels. Dual handlebars with pulse sensors and anti-slip pedals ensure safety and comfort. The 3.5-inch LCD monitor tracks essential workout data, while built-in transportation wheels make it easy to move. Overall, it’s a space-efficient, user-friendly machine that delivers smooth, customizable workouts without disturbing your household.
Best For: individuals seeking an affordable, space-saving elliptical for low-impact, quiet home workouts suitable for all fitness levels.
Pros:
- Compact, stylish design that fits well in small spaces and is easy to move with built-in wheels
- Ultra-silent magnetic resistance system with 8 adjustable levels for customizable workouts
- Features a durable alloy steel build supporting up to 265 lbs with essential workout tracking via LCD monitor
Cons:
- Limited to 8 resistance levels, which may not satisfy advanced users looking for higher intensity options
- Assembly may take around 20-30 minutes and might require some basic tools and patience
- The LCD monitor is functional but relatively simple, lacking advanced workout metrics or connectivity features
Sunny Health & Fitness Smart Air Walk Elliptical with Bluetooth and Adjustable Resistance
If you’re looking for an elliptical that fits comfortably into a small space without sacrificing workout quality, the Sunny Health & Fitness Smart Air Walk Elliptical is an excellent choice. It offers a 30-inch stride, engaging arms, legs, and core with low-impact movements that are gentle on joints. Its compact, foldable frame easily folds flat for storage, perfect for limited areas. The machine features Bluetooth connectivity, a digital monitor, adjustable resistance, and abdominal support for comfort and stability. Weighing just 35 pounds, it’s sturdy yet lightweight, making it a versatile, space-efficient option for home users seeking effective, low-impact cardio workouts.
Best For: individuals with limited space seeking a low-impact, full-body cardio workout suitable for beginners, seniors, or those with joint concerns.
Pros:
- Compact, foldable design easily stored in small spaces
- Low-impact, joint-friendly movements engaging arms, legs, and core
- Bluetooth connectivity and digital monitor for tracking progress and motivation
Cons:
- Slightly lightweight frame may require careful balance during use
- Some users report wear or loosening of parts over time
- Limited to 220-pound weight capacity, which may not suit all users
Pooboo Elliptical Machine with 16-Level Resistance and LCD Monitor
The Pooboo Elliptical Machine stands out as an excellent choice for those with limited space but who still want a thorough workout. Its sturdy alloy steel frame supports up to 350 lbs and features a 15.5-inch stride for natural movement, suitable for users up to 6’5″. With 16 resistance levels, you can easily customize your intensity, whether you’re aiming for a gentle workout or high-calorie burn. The quiet magnetic drive system ensures smooth operation, and the LCD monitor displays real-time data like speed, calories, and pulse. Its foldable design and transportation wheels make storage quick and simple, perfect for small home gyms.
Best For: individuals with limited space seeking a stable, quiet, and customizable home elliptical workout suitable for all fitness levels up to 6’5″.
Pros:
- Sturdy alloy steel frame supports up to 350 lbs for durability and safety
- Quiet magnetic resistance system ensures smooth, noise-free operation suitable for any time of day
- Foldable design with transportation wheels makes storage and mobility convenient
Cons:
- Assembly can take around 30-45 minutes, which may be time-consuming for some users
- Limited to 16 resistance levels, which might not satisfy very advanced users seeking higher intensity
- No electric power required, so some advanced digital features or programs may be unavailable
Schwinn Fitness Elliptical Machine
For anyone seeking an effective workout in a limited space, the Schwinn Fitness Elliptical Machine stands out with its compact design and 18-inch stride. It’s perfect for home use, offering a streamlined console that tracks essential metrics like time, speed, distance, calories burned, and heart rate. With 16 resistance levels, you can easily customize your workout intensity to match your fitness goals. The machine also features both moving and fixed handlebars with contact sensors for heart rate monitoring. Plus, it connects to the Explore the World app, letting you virtually explore scenic trails and exotic locations, making workouts engaging and motivating.
Best For: individuals seeking a space-saving elliptical machine with interactive features and customizable resistance for home workouts.
Pros:
- Compact design with an 18-inch stride ideal for limited spaces
- 16 adjustable resistance levels for personalized workout intensity
- Interactive Explore the World app for engaging virtual trail experiences
Cons:
- Limited to home use, not suitable for commercial gyms
- Requires a subscription for access to additional virtual courses
- Contact heart rate sensors may be less accurate than chest straps
Air Walker Exercise Machine, Foldable Cross Trainer for Small Spaces
When space is limited, the Air Walker Exercise Machine stands out as an ideal choice because of its foldable design that easily fits into small areas. It’s perfect for slipping under beds or into closets when not in use. Its sturdy steel frame supports up to 350 lbs, ensuring durability. The non-slip pedals and rubber feet provide stability on different floors, while the smooth elliptical motion offers low-impact, full-body cardio. The quiet operation and digital LCD monitor help track your progress without disturbance. Whether for rehab or intense workouts, this compact cross trainer maximizes your space while delivering effective exercise.
Best For: individuals with limited space seeking a versatile, low-impact cardio exercise machine suitable for various fitness levels and rehabilitation.
Pros:
- Space-saving foldable design easily fits into small areas like under beds or in closets
- Supports users up to 350 lbs with a sturdy steel frame for durability and safety
- Quiet operation and digital LCD monitor enhance workout experience without disturbance
Cons:
- May have limited advanced features compared to larger, more complex machines
- Requires regular maintenance of moving parts and bearings for optimal performance
- Not suitable for high-impact or heavy-duty training sessions
HOTWAVE Air Walker Exercise Machine
If you’re limited on space but still want an effective full-body workout, the HOTWAVE Air Walker Exercise Machine is an excellent choice. It provides low-impact, joint-friendly movement that activates your legs, glutes, core, and arms, simulating natural walking and elliptical motion. Its foldable design makes storage easy under beds or in closets, keeping your space clutter-free. Built with high-quality bearings and sliding rails, it offers smooth, whisper-quiet operation for comfortable workouts. Adjustable resistance levels let you customize intensity, while the LCD monitor tracks your progress. Overall, it’s durable, stable, and perfect for daily home use without sacrificing workout quality.
Best For: individuals with limited space seeking a versatile, low-impact full-body workout machine suitable for daily use and home rehabilitation.
Pros:
- Foldable design for easy storage under beds or in closets, keeping your space clutter-free
- Smooth, whisper-quiet operation thanks to high-quality bearings and sliding rails
- Adjustable resistance levels and an LCD monitor for personalized, trackable workouts
Cons:
- Max user weight limited to 32.4 pounds, which may not accommodate all users
- Assembly may require some effort despite clear instructions and minimal tools
- Market ranking indicates it may have limited availability or brand recognition compared to more established brands
Under Desk Elliptical Machine
An under desk elliptical machine is the perfect solution for anyone needing compact, low-impact exercise equipment that fits seamlessly into a small space. Weighing just 15 pounds and measuring 16D x 9.5W x 12H inches, it’s fully assembled, lightweight, and portable. Made of alloy steel with magnetic resistance, it supports up to 500 pounds and offers 12 resistance levels with an 18-inch stride. The adjustable pedals move forward or backward for versatile muscle engagement, and its quiet operation makes it ideal for working or relaxing. With features like remote control, LCD display, and preset modes, it’s a flexible, unobtrusive way to stay active throughout your day.
Best For: individuals seeking a compact, low-impact, and versatile exercise solution that can be conveniently used while working, relaxing, or rehabilitating at home or in the office.
Pros:
- Fully assembled, lightweight, and portable, making it easy to use and store in small spaces
- Quiet operation with adjustable resistance levels and modes for tailored workouts
- Supports up to 500 pounds with durable alloy steel construction and versatile pedal movement for targeted muscle engagement
Cons:
- Some users experience brief delays in remote control response during operation
- Slight slipping on hardwood surfaces may require additional grip solutions
- Auto shut-off after 30 minutes may interrupt longer workouts or activities
THERUN Elliptical Exercise Machine, 3-in-1 Cardio Climber Stepping Elliptical Machine
The THERUN Elliptical Exercise Machine stands out as an ideal choice for those with limited space who still want a versatile workout option. Its compact design measures just 38.2 x 24.4 x 62.2 inches, and it features a foldable center bar and transport wheels for easy storage. This 3-in-1 machine combines elliptical, stair stepper, and climber functions, engaging over 90% of major muscles. With adjustable magnetic resistance and a smooth, quiet operation below 20dB, it’s perfect for home use. The sturdy build, safety features, and real-time tracking make it a reliable, space-efficient solution for full-body workouts.
Best For: individuals seeking a space-saving, versatile, and quiet full-body cardio workout machine suitable for all fitness levels at home.
Pros:
- Combines three workout functions (elliptical, stair stepper, climber) in one compact design for variety and efficiency
- Ultra-quiet operation below 20dB, ideal for shared spaces or late-night workouts
- Easy to assemble, fold for storage, and equipped with transport wheels for convenience
Cons:
- Larger users over 6’5” may find the stride slightly restrictive despite the adjustable settings
- Some users might require additional accessories for enhanced comfort during extended sessions
- As a multi-function machine, it may have a steeper learning curve for beginners unfamiliar with all features
Factors to Consider When Choosing Elliptical Machines for Small Spaces
When choosing an elliptical for a small space, I focus on compact size and easy storage options like foldability. I also consider how quiet the machine is and the variety of resistance levels for effective workouts. Ultimately, I look at stability and build quality to guarantee safety and durability during use.
Compact Size and Dimensions
Choosing an elliptical machine for a small space requires careful attention to its dimensions and design. I recommend looking for models under 50 inches in both length and width to avoid overcrowding. Compact designs that are foldable or easy to store make a big difference, especially when space is tight. Pay close attention to the stride length; shorter strides, around 12-15 inches, help keep the machine’s footprint small. Built-in transport wheels are a plus, making it simple to move the elliptical when needed. Before purchasing, I always measure my available space precisely to guarantee the machine fits comfortably. This way, I can maximize my workout area without sacrificing comfort or functionality. Small, well-designed ellipticals can deliver an effective workout without taking over your space.
Foldability and Storage Ease
Opting for a foldable elliptical machine can make a significant difference in small spaces. These models are designed with collapsible features that let you easily store them away when not in use, freeing up valuable floor space. Look for models with quick-release or fold-in center bars, which create a compact profile and make storage simple. Transport wheels integrated into the base also help you move the machine effortlessly within limited areas, so repositioning is hassle-free. Space-efficient ellipticals typically have a slim footprint, often under 20-25 inches in width or depth, making them perfect for tight quarters. Some models even feature foldable or retractable pedals, allowing you to maximize storage without compromising stability or your workout experience.
Noise Level and Quietness
For those of us with limited space, noise level is a critical factor when selecting an elliptical machine. Magnetic resistance systems are typically quieter than friction-based or air resistance models, making them ideal for shared spaces or early morning workouts. Many quiet ellipticals operate around 20 to 25 decibels—comparable to a whisper or library background noise—ensuring minimal disturbance. Features like insulated flywheels and vibration dampers further reduce operational sound, enhancing quietness. Foldable or compact designs often include noise-dampening materials to keep noise levels down when the machine is in use or stored. Regular maintenance, such as lubricating parts and tightening bolts, also helps maintain a peaceful operation over time. Prioritizing quietness ensures an unobtrusive workout experience in small spaces.
Resistance and Workout Options
When selecting an elliptical for a small space, considering resistance and workout options can make a big difference in how versatile and effective your workouts are. Machines with multiple resistance levels, like 8 to 16, let you tailor intensity to meet your fitness goals. Magnetic resistance systems provide smooth, quiet operation and precise control, which is perfect for compact spaces where noise matters. Some ellipticals also offer adjustable stride lengths and bidirectional motion, adding variety and helping target different muscle groups. Digital monitors and app connectivity enhance your experience by tracking metrics and offering virtual routes or training programs. Many space-saving models include adjustable resistance and multiple workout modes, maximizing functionality without sacrificing precious space.
Stability and Build Quality
A stable elliptical frame is essential for safe and effective workouts, especially in small spaces where stability issues are more noticeable. A sturdy frame made from high-quality steel or alloy steel provides better support and reduces wobbling, even during intense sessions. Well-designed ellipticals feature non-slip, textured pedals and balanced weight distribution, which help minimize movement and ensure safety. Stabilization bars or supports help prevent tilting or shifting, especially on uneven floors or during vigorous exercise. Compact models with a low center of gravity and broad base are less prone to tipping over, offering consistent stability in limited spaces. Additionally, high-quality build components, such as reinforced joints and durable materials, guarantee long-term stability and reliable performance, making your workouts safer and more enjoyable.
Tech Features and Connectivity
Choosing an elliptical machine with advanced tech features can considerably enhance your workout experience, especially in small spaces where maximizing functionality is key. Look for models with Bluetooth or Wi-Fi connectivity to sync with fitness apps, track your progress, and access virtual workouts. Built-in digital monitors that display real-time metrics like calories, distance, speed, and pulse make it easy to monitor your performance without extra devices. Support for app integration offers personalized workout plans, social challenges, and scenic virtual tours, boosting motivation. Confirm the machine has holders or ports for smartphones or tablets, so you can enjoy entertainment or view data during your session. Also, check for firmware updates and software support to keep connectivity features current and reliable over time.
Frequently Asked Questions
What Is the Average Weight Capacity of Compact Ellipticals?
The average weight capacity of compact ellipticals is typically around 250 to 300 pounds. I always recommend checking the specific model’s specs, as some can support higher weights, up to 350 pounds or more. If you’re heavier or plan to use the machine frequently, opt for one with a higher capacity to guarantee durability and safety. Remember, choosing the right capacity helps you get the most out of your workout.
How Much Noise Do These Small-Space Ellipticals Typically Produce?
Small-space ellipticals typically produce a soft, subdued hum that’s barely noticeable. They’re designed to keep noise levels negligible, so your workout won’t disturb others or your peace. I’ve found that most models operate quietly, thanks to smooth magnetic resistance and quiet drives. So, whether you’re sneaking in a session early morning or late at night, these ellipticals keep your cardio calm, quiet, and completely contained.
Are There Options for Adjustable Incline or Resistance in Compact Models?
Yes, many compact ellipticals offer adjustable incline and resistance. I’ve found models with customizable settings that let me target different muscle groups and intensify my workout without taking up extra space. These features are great for adding variety and challenge, even in small areas. When shopping, I recommend checking for easy-to-use controls and sturdy build quality to guarantee smooth adjustments and durability during your workouts.
Can These Ellipticals Be Easily Stored or Folded After Workouts?
Absolutely, these ellipticals are like chameleons—designed to blend seamlessly into your space. Most models I’ve seen fold up effortlessly, turning your workout area back into a cozy corner in seconds. They often feature quick-release mechanisms or foldable frames, making storage a breeze. After your session, you can tuck them away neatly, freeing up space and keeping your home organized without sacrificing your fitness routine.
Do Small Elliptical Machines Include Built-In Workout Programs or Apps?
Yes, many small elliptical machines come with built-in workout programs and apps. I love how these features keep my workouts varied and engaging without needing extra equipment. Some models even sync with fitness apps to track progress and provide personalized plans. It’s convenient because I can access different routines directly on the machine, making my workouts more effective and motivating, especially when space is limited.
Conclusion
Choosing the right elliptical is like finding the perfect rhythm in your space—each machine a beat, each stride a step toward balance. Small spaces don’t have to silence your fitness dreams; they can become a symphony of movement and progress. When you pick wisely, your workout becomes a dance that echoes resilience and energy, filling every corner with possibility. Let your space breathe life into your routine, turning small into mighty with every stride you take.
Norman Meyer serves as our Spiritual Guide and Stress Management Consultant. With a profound understanding of various spiritual practices and stress management techniques, Norman helps clients navigate their inner landscapes and find peace amidst life’s challenges. His compassionate guidance supports clients in achieving spiritual growth and emotional resilience.
